In 1995, I was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

These efforts led to the discovery of triple overlapping genes in G4 where all three DNA phases encode proteins, and to the discovery that subunits I and II of cytochrome c oxidase were encoded in the DNA in mitochondria.

My father was a stone mason, and a talented amateur pianist and vocalist.

Michael Runswick has worked closely with me throughout this period, and has made contributions to all aspects of our studies.

Later on, I helped to uncover details of the modified genetic code in mitochondria.

These studies resulted eventually in a complete sequence analysis of the complex from several species, and in the atomic resolution structure of the F catalytic domain of the enzyme from bovine mitochondria, giving new insights into how ATP is made in the biological world.

It goes without saying that this encounter with Fred Sanger and Ieuan Harris transformed my scientific career.

In 1978, I decided to apply protein chemical methods to membrane proteins, since this seemed to be both a challenging and important area.

In 1960, I went to St. Catherine's College, Oxford, and received the B.A. degree in Chemistry in 1964.